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IN MEMORIAM. 



) ULYSSES S. GRANT. 



REMARKS 



OK 



HON. MARRIOTT BROSIUS, 



IN rim 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 



Saturday, May 19, 1900. 



W^\SIITXG'rOM. 

1900. 






^' ■ 






63490 



REMARKS 

OF 

HON. MARRIOTT BROSIUS. 



Tho House havinp under consideration the following resolutions: 
'• Resolved bij the House of Representatives {the Senate concuniat]). That the 
thanks of Congress be given to the Grand Army of the Republic for the statue 
of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. 

"Resolved, That tho statue be accepted and placed in the Capitol, and that 
a copy of these resolutions, signed by the presiding officers of the House of 
Representatives and the Senate, be forwarded to the chairman of tho com- 
mittee of the Grand Army of the Republic on the Grant Mcmoriar — 

Mr. BROSIUS said: 

Mr. Speaker: The ceremony of this day affords an occa'ion for 

a review of the character and career of Ulysses S. Grant. It may 

be that the time has not come for history to seal the verdict which 

shall irrevocably fix his place in the ranks of fame. Yet the 

judgment of mankind on a general view of the totality of his 

character and achievements, within the limitations which the 

time and the sphere of his action impose, distinctly mark him as 

the colossal figure in the historic web of war's wonderous weaving. 

As constant as the Northern Star. 

Of whose true fixed and resting quality 

There is no fellow iu the firmament. 

As you dwell with me for a brief space upon the characteristics 

and forces with which this marvellous man reared tlie fabric of 

his greatne.ss, your patience will be rewarded by the consolatory 

and instructive reflection that gratitude to public benefactors is 

the common sentiment of mankind, that the fame of nolilc men is 

at once the most enduring and most valuable public possession, 

and that the contemplation of the heroic dead exerts a salutary 

and ennobling influence upon the living. It was such an influence 

that led a young Greek, two thousand years ago, while walking 

over the fields upon whicli a Grecian warrior won his victories, to 

exclaim "The trophies of Miltiades will not let me sleep.'' So 

with the contemplation of the great career of our dead hero may 

come an incantation that will conjure spirits of high principle 

and exalted patriotism round about us until, like Hector's son, 

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■we catch heroic fire from the splendid courage, sublime devotion, 
and lofty genius of our illustrious soldier. [Applause.] 

General Grant presents from every possible point of view an 
extraordinary career and a singularly unique character. In some 
of his attributes, and not a few of the characteristic exhibitions 
of his rare powers, he is without a parallel in American history. 
His acknowledged preeminence in no sense arose, nor was it in 
any degree promoted, by the conditions of his life. Neither birth, 
nor rank, nor fortune aided his advancement. Allov7ing for the 
national exigency which presented a field for the exercise of his 
powers, his achievements were due entirely to principles, quali- 
ties, and forces which summed up a remarkable personality, and 
in some respects the most imposing and collossal character of 
modern times. [Applause.] 
/ He possessed an imperious will, sound judgment, stupendous 
endurance, and a courage that never quailed. In deportment he 
was thoughtful, quiet and unobtrusive, a stranger to ostentation 
or egotism, simple in his tastes, elevated in sentiment, and be- 
nevolent in feeling. He thought with alertness, observed with 
clearness, executed vdth promptness, and never left off until he 
was done. He was fertile in expedients, rich in resources, and 
under every extremity of circumstance held all his best powers 
in perfect command. He was ready to obey and willing to com- 
mand, content to execute the orders of others or give them him- 
self, as his duty required, and his elevated soul never knew the 
tauit of jealousy or en\'y. 

He was firm and resolute of purpose and a signal example of the 
highest fidelity to conviction, devotion to duty, and loyalty to con- 
science and country. As Cicero said of Cjesar, he was generous 
to his friends, forbearing with his enemies, without evil in him- 
self, and reluctant to believe evil in others. Prosperity' never 
made him arrogant; elevation never turned his bead or made him 
forget the obligations of duty, the claims of friendship, or the 
restraints of moral principle. He maintained a high standard of 
personal character, possessed a vigorous moral sense, and an in- 
tegrity of heart that kept him a stranger to moral delinquency 
through the severe strain of adverse circumstances v^•ith which a 
hard fate in his declining years tried the superb metal of his 
manhood. 
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With such an assemblage of qnalitie.^ inliering in the man he 
grew like an oak, self-developed, into the extraordinary combina- 
tion of working forces which he was able to employ with such 
signal advantage to his country on the most extended and elevated 
theater of action that ever called out the might and courage of 
man or witnessed the splendid achievements of his heroism. 

There were in his character two forces which made his great- 
ness possible. One was a sublime and lofty self-trust. He leaned 
upon no man's arm. He walked erect in every path of exertion 
he was called to pursue. When in command he assumed the re- 
sponsibility which accompanied duty and advanced with firm and 
stately step: his march centered on his great soul's consciousness 
of rectitude, power, and leadership. The other principle v^'hich 
had a large agency in molding his life was that there is no royal 
road to eminence; that the best thing a man can do under any 
circumstances is his duty. If Schiller's poetic soul had put to him 
the question, " What shall I do to gain eternal life?" his kindred 
spirit would have answered back in the poet's own glowing 

words: 

Tliy duty ever 
Discharge aright the simple duties with 
Which each day is rife. Yea, with thy might. 

Ho dedicated his powers with rare singleness and devout self- 
consecration to the work before him. The obligation imposed by 
each day's duty was to him a '• thus saith tiie Lord; " and his faith 
in the result was half the battle. Sherman once said to him: 
" Your belief in victory I can compare to nothing but the faith 
of a Christian in his Saviour."' 

Prior to the war there was nothing in Grant's career that ar- 
rested public attention. He had found no field for the exerc'se 
of those amazing aptitudes for war which he so promptly dedi- 
cated to his country's service when the national struggle sum- 
moned the genius and patriotism of America to that ultimate 
arena whereon the "wager of battle," by the most unexampled 
heroism and endurance and the most stupendous efforts of mar- 
tial genius witnessed in modern times, was to solve the problem 
of our destinj'. 

At an age when Alexander Hamilton had laid the corner stone 
of the most splendid financial system the world over saw and 
reached the summit of his fame; an age when Garf.eld had filled 



6 

the cliair of a college president, worn the glittering stai's of a 
major-general; and occupied a seat in the National Congress: and 
an age at which Napoleon had vanquished the combined armies 
of a continent and was master of Europe, Grant was unknown. 
He had not even discovered himself; was living in safe obscurity, 
one of forty millions under the curse ot Adam, earning his bread 
by the sweat of his brow. But within the four corners of his being 
God had lodged endowments of the rarest kind, forces which 
needed but the open air of opportunity and the solar energy of a 
majestic cause to hurry them on to bloom and fruitage. 

He was not a soldier from taste. His education at West Point 
was accepted rather than sought. His appointment to the Mili- 
tary Academy was an accident. When Lincoln issued his call for 
75,000 men, Grant responded. A public meeting was held in his 
town, over which he presided. By prompting and with a stam- 
mering tongue he was able to state the object of the meeting. 
This was his first great day. It made possible his future career 
of usefulness and glory. He tendered his services to his country 
through the Adjutant-General of the Army. The letter was never 
answered, not even filed, and after the war was rescued from the 
rubbish of the War Department. Later, however, he was commis- 
sioned colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Regiment. In a short 
time, through the recommendation of the Illinois delegation in 
Congress, he was commissioned a brigadier-general. His career 
now commenced. Said one of his eulogists: "He had gained a 
place to stand, and from it he moved the world." [Applause.] 

The war opened to him the gates of his opportunity. It did not 
make him, but it enabled him to make himself. It was the fire- 
proof that tested the metal of the man. 

lu tlio reproof of chance 
Lies the true proof of men. The sea being smooth, 
How many shallow bauble boats dare sail 
Upon her patient breast, makmg their way 
With those of nobler bulk. 
But let the ruthan Boreas once engage 
The gentle Thetas, and anon behold 
The strong-ribbed bark through liquid mountains cut 
Where then's the saucy boat 
Whoso weak, untimbered sides but oven now 
Co-rivaled greatness? Either to harbor fled 
Or made a toast for Neptune. 
4159 



How well this high philosophy was exomplifiel during the war 
has passed into histor}'. One by one the brightest stars in our 
military galaxy, our worshiped chieftains, succeeded each other 
in the demonstration of their incapacity for the command of so 
immense an army on so extended a field, until the tanner of Galena 
received his commission, accompanied by the beriodiction of our 
great war Fresident, and rose at once to the supreme height and 
filled every condition of the most stu} endous undertaking that 
ever challenged the exertions of martial genius. 

We value a chain by the measure of its strength at the wcal^est 
point; but we value a man, it has been wisely said, by the meas- 
ure of his strength at the place where he is strongest. Grants 
strongest points were those which qualified him for a military com- 
mander. 

On the field of war. as the leader of armies and fighter of battles, 
he won his chief distinction and reached the summit of his splen- 
did fame. 

To explain how men succeed, to analyze the amazing exploits 
of genius and lay bare to the minds eye the elements which com- 
bine to make them possible, is a difficult task and one not suited 
to this occasion. But no observer of Grants career could have 
failed to note some of the more obvious qualities which fitted him 
for successful war. They were displaj'ed with brilliant effect and 
startling emphasis in that succession of incomparable achieve- 
ments from Be'mont to Appomattox. True, the former and prac- 
tically his first battle was lost; but Ca sar lost Gergovia, and it is 
said of him that the manner in which ho retrieved his failure 
showed his greatness moi'e than the most brilliant of his victories. 

So the success of Grant in covering his retreat and protecting 
his army at Belmont showed a high degree of dexterity and skill 
in the management of men, a remarkable celerity of movement, 
coolness, and perfect self-command under circumstances calcu- 
lated in the highest degree to produce confusion and dismay. M. 
Thiers, in his History of the French Revolution, suggests as the 
crucial test of a great captain "the power to command a great 
mass of men amid the lightning shock of battle with the clear- 
ness and precision with which the philoso])her works in his study.'' 

It is said that in every decisive battle there is a moment of cri- 

4459 



8 

sis, on wliich the fortunes of the day turn. The commander who 
seizes and holds that ridge of destiny wins the victory. This re- 
quires a swift and sure-footed faculty of observation, capable of 
covering the possibilities of a situation, discovering the key point 
of a battlefield and the weak point of the enemy's position with 
the sweep of the eye, as by a lightning flash. The possession of 
these high capabilities in a most conspicuous degree gave Grant a 
preeminence all his own. 

The day of the battle of Belmont may be called Grant's second 
great day, for his qualities as a commander were subjected to the 
first severe test. That battle was first won and then lost; lost by 
losing the discipline of the army. The genius of the commander 
alone saved it from dispersion or capture. General Grant was 
the last man to leave the field, and he escaped, I have somewhere 
read, by running his horse from the bank of the river to the boat 
across a single gangway plank. 

Early in the spring of 1S63 Grant reached the conclusion that 
the effective line of operations was up the Tennessee and Cumber- 
land rivers, on which were situated Forts Henry and Douelson. 
In less than twenty days after he had obtained Hallecks assent 
to the projected movement these two forts had surrendered to 
this intrepid commander, together with 15,000 prisoners of war. 
This has well been called Grant's third great day. It established 
him in the confidence of the people and confirmed his title to the 
distinction of being a great soldier. 

His letter to General Buckuer, in answer to a proposition for an 
armistice, someone has said reads like the letter of Cromwell to 
the parsons of Edinburgh, and is one of the most remarkable epis- 
tles in the military literature of the world. 

Headquarters Army in the Field, 

Camp near Fort Donelsox, 

February 10, 1SG2. 
Sir: Yours of this date, proposing armistice and appointment of commis- 
sioners to settle terms of capitulation, is just received. Ko terms except an 
immediate and unconditional surrender can be accepted. I propose to move 
i mm ediately upon your works. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

U. S. GRANT, Brioadier-Gencral. 
Gen. S. B. Bcckner, Confederate Armij. 

From that day forward he commanded the respect, admiration, 
and aifection of every loyal citizen of the Republic. Yet, curi- 
ously enough, General Halleck suspended him on the 4th of March 
i4ad 



9 

following. In ninC? days be was restored to his comiuand. Tliese 
nine days were sad and tearful to the chieftain, who felt the wrong 
like a scorpion's sting, but no word of complaint ever escaped his 
lips. [Applause.] 

Tbe plan of operations which led to the capture of Yicksburg 
was conceived by Grant and executed with great celerity and 
splendid success. The small space of thirty-three days witnessed 
a notable succession of brilliant movements, when the forces of 
the enemy within a circuit of 50 miles numbered 60,000 men; the 
captirre of Port Gibson, the victories of Raymond,;of Jackson, of 
Champion Hill, and Black River Bridge, culminating in the in- 
vestment of Vicksburg, whose capitulation later on closed the 
memorable campaign and covered with glory the sagacious chief- 
tain whose martial genius achieved the splendid triumph. 

After the fatal battle of Chiciiamanga the Confederate authori- 
ties, notably Jefferson Davis, who had visited the seat of war 
early in October, expected the surrender of our army in a few days. 
But on the 24th of October General Grant arrived. An offensive 
movement was at once inaugurated and the battle of Missionary 
Ridge fought and won, with a trophy of 6,000 Confederate pris- 
oners, 40 pieces of artillery, and 7,000 stand of arms. The Army 
of the Cumberland was saved, the siege of Chattanooga was raised, 
and Chickamauga avenged. 

Grant then sucoeeded to the command of all the annies of the 
Union, numbering a million men, a larger army it is believed than 
was ever before commanded by one man. The field of its opera- 
tions was commensurate with its number— from the Mississippi 
River to the Atlantic, thence south to the Gulf of Mexico, and 
west to Texas, one army cutting the Confederacy in two and 
another laying siege to its capital city, all by the direction of this 
matchless wai-rior without as much as a council of war. Such 
consummate strategy, such masterful leadership could lead to but 
one result. Richmond fell, Lee's army surrendered and the Un'on 
was saved. [Applause.] 

These stupendous achievements and surpassingly splendid stra- 
tegic movements which led to the glory of Ajipomattox all fur- 
nish to the curious in such matters themost strikingandconvincing 
exhibitions of an exceptionally high order of martial genius. 

What place will ultimately be assigned General Grant in the 

4459 



10 

military constellation of history the judgment of the future must 
determine. For his contemporaries to place him in the company 
of Alexander, Cfesar, and Napoleon is fulsome adulation in which 
I have no disposition to indulge. To elevate any modern hero to 
a share in the glories of the battlefield with these phenomenal 
characters would be as tmsuitable, Dr. Lord would say, as to di- 
vide the laurels of Homer, Dante, and Shakespeare with the poets 
of recent times. 

Excluding these, however, from the comparison, the well- 
guarded judgment of dispassionate men will not rank our illus- 
trious leader below the most successful and conspicuous masters 
of the art of war the world has ever seen. His fame can lose 
none of its lustre by comparison with Wellington, Marlborough, 
Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick the Great, Maurice of Nassau, or 
Henry of Navarre. A just analysis of the aptitudes of these men 
for war will show more i^oints in which Grant excels than falls 
below them, and there can be no doubt that when history shall 
make its final assignment of rank he v;ill stand either in their 
company or above them. 

As a civil administrator he will hoxl eminent rank among the 
wisest and best; but the fame of the statesman will ever be eclipsed 
by the glory of the soldier. His eight years of administration 
were vexed and harassed by problems of greater difficulty and 
magnitude than had ever before been encountered by any Govern- 
ment in times of peace. The reconstruction of the Southern 
States presented questions with which no statesman had ever grap- 
pled. When he became President the situation of the United 
States was engaging the attention of the civilized world. Seven 
only of the eleven States lately in rebellion had been readmitted 
to the Union. 

The previous Administration had been enfeebled and embittered 
by an unseemly controversy between the executive and legislative 
branches of the Government. The progress of reconstruction had 
been retarded, business interests were languishing, and the pub- 
lic credit was impaired. Foreign complications with Spain and 
Great Britain also confronted us, so that it may be said that Grant 
encountered at the beginning of his Administration difficulties of 
a very grave and threatening charactex*. The power of generaliz- 

4i.59 



11 

ing and forecasting is one of the first qualities of statesmanship. 
Grant possessed this power. 

In his first inaugural he outlined with great clearness the ques- 
tions that would come up for settlement during his Administra- 
tion and implored his countrymen to deal with them without 
prejudice, hate, or sectional pride. On the financial question he 
had a clear judgment and a fixed purpose. He insisted that na- 
tional honor required everj- dollar of Government indebtedness to 
be paid in gold unless otherwise stipulated in the contract. "Let 
it be understood," said he, "that no repudiator of one farthing of 
our public debt will be trusted in public place.'' This was a 
pi'ophecy. It became a triumph. He adhered steadfastly to the 
policy lie had announced, and at the close of his Administration 
one-fifth part of the public debt had been paid and the public 
credit reestablished. 

His foreign policy was equally v.'ise and statesmanlike. " I would 

deal with nations, "said he, " as eqaitable law requires individuals 

to deal with each other." He served notice on ambassadors, kings, 

and emperors in these words: 

If others depart from this rule in their dealings with us, wo may be com- 
pelled to follow their precedent. 

At the close of his Administration there were no international 
questions unadjusted. 

On the vexed question of suffrage he was wise and farseeing. 
In his inaugural he emphasized the urgency with which the rati- 
fication of the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution appealed 
to the best judgment of the nation as the only just and practi- 
cable settlement of the question of suffrage. He had an invin- 
cible conviction that the amendm«nt embodied the fundamental 
idea of republican government and American liberty. 

The experiment of popular government had not been completed 
before the war, but now every citizen was a member of the ruling 
as well as the subject class. The transition from the old regime 
to the new was sudden and great. With the overthrow of the 
Confederacy went the downfall of slavery and the extreme doc- 
trine of State rights. With the triumph of the Union came the 
political equality of men in the States and of States in the Union. 
There was now a true national sovereignty and a true national 



12 

citize;:ship. Every man was a sovereign, whether qualified for 
his kingdom or not. The nation welcomed the new ideas, and 
went promptly to work to create new institutions suited to them. 

Concerning the principles which were to fashion the new fabric 
Grant had well-defined convictions and statesmanlike views. The 
problems to be solved were intricate and difficult, calculated, 
many of them, to appall the stoutest hearts and baffle the wisest 
heads, and yet at all points at which the Executive came in con- 
tact with these perplexing problems, which he helped to lift up 
until they comprehended in their scope the equality of citizenship 
and the elevation of a race, he treated them with a fullness and 
completeness of consideration, breadth of comprehension and rec- 
titude of judgment, and disposed of them w^ith such preeminent 
wisdom as to fairly establish his title to rank with the more emi- 
nent of American statesmen. 

In one aspect of his character Grant had probably but one rival 
to share his laurels in the history of human greatness. He was a 
consummate master of a sublime and imposing silence. And this 
was a valuable auxiliary to the soldier, though it would have dis- 
qualified li'm for the Senate, where, it is said, the first duty of 
man is to speak. He accomplished more with less waste of vocal 
energy than any other man since William the Silent; but when 
he did speak, his utterances were notable, as potent as his silences. 
His words were cannon shots, half battles. They carried conster- 
nation with them like dazzling bolts from the darkened heavens. 

They vrere ponderous, fallinfr on bis foes 
As fell the Norse gocl"s hammer blows. 

Some of his laconic expressions and terse dispatches will outlive 
the most brilliant of Csesar's and the most crushing of Napoleon's. 
Men will be fighting out their battles "on this line if it takes all 
summer; "' will be " moving immediately upon the enemy's works," 
and "demanding unconditional surrender" to the end of time. 
[Applause.] 

The stars that glittered on General Grant's brow, like those 
that deck the heavens, were not all of the same magnitude. They 
differed in glory and had rank among themselves. There is one 
attribute of his character which removes him from the ranks of 
the illustrious leaders and statesmen in whose company he will 
4459 



13 

in most respects go down to posterity and secures him a preemi- 
nence enjoyed by no other warrior hi human history; a point of 
character at which the sohlier and the statesman meet: an excel- 
lence which adorns the one and qualifies the other— a matchless 
magnanimity. 

From no point of view does the greatness of his character shine 
with more supernal splendor. The ancient Romans dedicated 
temples to the hii;hest human excellences. Our great soldier- 
statesman bowed before the temple which enshrined the divine 
attribute of magnanimity. Ultimus Romanorum was written 
upon the tomb of Cato and, if among the epitaphs which 
shall perpetuate the glories of General Grant there should be no 
expression of this transcendent perfection, the silent marble 
would break into speech to declare to posterity that in this phase 
of his character, at least, he was the noblest Roman of them all. 
[Applause.] 

Grant and Appomattox are the two halves of one of the most 
interesting and impressive situations which history records. They 
constitute an historical unity that can never be severed. They 
are held in the enduring embrace of a happy conjunction of 
place and event which made the former the theater and the latter 
the star performer of one of the grandest dramas in the tide of 
time. That they ai'e so linked in i>erpetual assoc:iation in the 
public mind finds some denotement in the ease with which Sena- 
tor Conkling took captive a national convention with the crude 
but clever rhyme: 

And when asked what State he hails from 
Our sole reply shall bo: 
"He hails from Appomattox 
And its famous apple tree." 

From Appomattox he sent on wings of lightning to the Secretary 
of War the message which carried joy to more hearts than any- 
previous one in human history: 

Apkil 9, 18C5 — 1.30 p. m. 
Hon. E. M. Staxtox: 

General Lee has surrendered the Army of I^orthern Virginia this af t3rnoon 
on terms proposed by myself. 

U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-Genera!. 

When this magnanimous chieftain laid his conciuering sword 
on the capital of the Confederacy, received Lee's surrender and 

Ho'J 



14 

the curtain fell before the tragedy of the rebellion, he said to the 
vanquished armies: " Lay down your arms and go to your homes 
on your parole of honor, and take your horses with you to culti- 
vate your farms, but come and take dinner with us before you 
go." Were ever before the vanquished thus treated by the victors? 
At the fall of Toulon a French warrior wrote: " We have only one 
way of celebrating victory; this evening we shoot 213 rebels." 
How resplendent by contrast appears the conqueror of the rebel- 
lion! 

Who in the fear of God didst bear 

The sword of poYS-er, a nation's trust! 

" Let us have peace!" said the soldier 

Who grasped the sword for peace 

And smote to save. 

From the hearts of patriots everywhere attuned to the same 
melody is lifted up the glad refrain: celestial choirs prolong the 
joyful chorus until the spirit of our statesman-warrior sends back 
the swelling anthem, "Let us have peace."' 

As I contemplate the last of earth of this rounded and com- 
pleted character, passing from the sight of men in that beautiful 
park by the river side, a vision bursts upon my imagination, and 
I see the open grave over whose portals rests the casket waiting 
its descent into the darkness of the tomb; on either side stand 
with bowed heads the great chieftains who led the opposing ar- 
mies in our civil war, the conquerors and the conquered, paying 
equal tributes of honor to the savior of the Union, and between 
them I see the great spirit of our dead, resplendent in the glory 
of immortality, reaching down his spirit hands and clasping those 
of the reconciled warriors, and I hear his celestial voice saying: 

Americans, children of a common country, brethren in tha bonds of patri- 
otism, joint heirs of a heritage of glory, peace, blessed peace, be and abide 
■with yon evermore! 

If a firmer and more indissoluble Union, a better understanding 
and more cordial relations between the sections, and a permanent 
and abiding peace, founded upon true respect for each other and 
veneration and affection for our common country, should be the 
fruition of his great example; if his surviving countrymen will 
but emulate his high character wherein it is most worthy, avoid- 
ing the faults which saved him from perfection, and will rededi- 
cate themselves with his singleness of purpose and self-consecration 

44:9 



15 

to the iiiaintenatice of his loftj' standard of personal character and 
exalted patriotism, and thns. through the eh-vation of the citizen, 
secure throughout the Union ho loved and saved the supremacy 
of virtue, honor, patriotism, and public reason, then the victory of 
his death will outshine the splendor of the greatest of his life; 
and as was said of the strong man of the olden days, so it may 
be said of our mighty and strong, that •• The dead which he slew 
at his death were more than they which he slew in his life." 
And though the affection and veneration of his admiring country- 
men have commemorated him in costliest marble and splendid 
mausoleum and elaborate epitaphs have summed up his virtues 
and will transmit to future generations the records of his im- 
perishable renown, the littest, noblest, most permanent, and 
abiding monument to this distinguished citizen, eminent states- 
man, and illustrious soldier will be his country's peace. [Loud 
applause.] 

4459 

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